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Polonnaruwa Timeline

About

Polonnaruwa is a historic city located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. It served as the second
capital of the ancient Kingdom of Polonnaruwa after the fall of Anuradhapura. The city flourished between
the 11th and 13th centuries and is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, showcasing the ingenuity and
grandeur of ancient Sri Lankan civilization.

Time Period

Polonnaruwa’s prominence lasted from approximately the 10th century CE to the late 13th century CE.

Historical Events

Event Date
Establishment of Polonnaruwa as the capital 1017 CE
Construction of the Royal Palace complex 12th century CE
Building of impressive religious structures, such as the Gal Vihara 12th century CE
Polonnaruwa invaded by the Chola Dynasty 1017 CE – 1070 CE
Decline of Polonnaruwa as a major capital 13th century CE

Emperors

Emperor Reign
Vijayabahu I 1055 CE – 1110 CE
Parakramabahu I 1153 CE – 1186 CE
Nissanka Malla 1187 CE – 1196 CE
Parakramabahu II 1236 CE – 1270 CE

Mysteries

Polonnaruwa has inspired many mysteries, such as the exact purpose of the massive stone structures
found within the Royal Palace complex and the means by which the ancient Sri Lankans transported and erected
the towering statues of the Gal Vihara.

Wars

Conflict Time Period
Invasion by the Chola Dynasty 1017 CE – 1070 CE
Kalinga Magha’s invasion leading to the decline of Polonnaruwa 1214 CE – 1236 CE

Important Persons

Several important figures played significant roles in the history of Polonnaruwa, including:

  • Vijayabahu I – Restored Sinhalese rule and established Polonnaruwa as the capital
  • Parakramabahu I – Undertook extensive construction projects and expanded the kingdom
  • Nissanka Malla – Known for his patronage of the arts and construction of notable structures
  • Parakramabahu II – Last significant ruler of Polonnaruwa, known for his military campaigns

Current State

Today, Polonnaruwa is an archaeological treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The ancient ruins and
temples continue to attract tourists and researchers, providing valuable insights into the rich cultural
heritage of Sri Lanka.